Brain gain into brain drain

More than 2.5 million Nepalis left the country just in the last three years to study and work abroad. In the past year alone, nearly 900,000 students and migrant workers flew out of Kathmandu airport. These figures do not include those who crossed over to India.

There were, of course, returnees in that period, but it is estimated that up to 16% of Nepal’s population at any given time is outside the country. Most of them are 20-35 years old, which means an estimated quarter of all Nepalis in that age group are abroad.

It is mandatory for students going overseas to get a certificate from the Ministry of Education, and last year alone 112,593 were issued -- nearly double the pre-Covid figure (graph, below).

Before leaving, Nepali students officially exchanged Rs117 billion last year into hard currency to pay for their education costs. The actual figure through unregulated channels is probably higher.

All graphs: RAMESH KUMAR

Meanwhile, the 4 million Nepali migrant workers in Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Korea, Europe and elsewhere sent back through banking channels Rs1.47 trillion in remittances ($11 billion) last year. Actual figures are higher.

“The great irony is that while poorer Nepalis toil in the Gulf and Malaysia to increase our foreign exchange reserves, middle and upper class families are exchanging a part of that money to pay for college fees, travel and medical care abroad,” points out migration researcher Ganesh Gurung.

The numbers going to Australia and Canada dropped last year because of visa restrictions. But that has been more than made up by a 30% uptick in Nepali students going to the US (11,261) and UK (13,339) compared to last year.

But by far the largest number of students are going to Japan (34,731) which is also an increase of 30% over the previous year (map, below). Numbers going to South Korea doubled in one year to 6,889.

Nepalis go to 66 countries for higher studies, with Denmark, Finland and France becoming more popular, although the numbers are still much lower than the top six.

Till recently, Nepalis were the third largest number of foreign students in Australia. They were number three also in Canada. Nepalis were among the top ten in the US.

It is no secret that many young Nepalis leaving on student visas intend to emigrate permanently.

Countries in the Global North experiencing declining populations know this, but find it a convenient way to allow controlled entry for much-needed workers in the service or tech sectors.

“Many young Nepalis plan to settle in first-world countries eventually, or to return only after 10-20 years,” affirms migration expert Ganesh Gurung.

“Destination countries benefit too, they are getting a new generation of cheap labour without having spent anything on raising or educating them. What’s more, they also earn university fees. It’s a way for them to allow calibrated migration,” he adds.

Nearly half the students coming out of 10+2 schools opt to go abroad for higher education, leading to a significant drop in college enrolment across Nepal.

Just like migrant workers are a safety valve that lets the government off the hook from providing jobs at home, students going abroad allows the state to dodge its responsibility to improve higher education quality here.

Indeed, some argue that better universities and colleges in Nepal would not lessen the exodus of young Nepalis, because many of them intend to emigrate for good.

“Yes, student visas have become a means to an end, the goal is to work and settle,” says Narottam Aryal of King’s College in Kathmandu. “But more alarming than the figures of students leaving is that we are taking it so casually, calling it normal."

He adds: “Let us not worry about people who will leave anyway, but focus on the students who will stay if Nepal’s higher education is system is redesigned, repurposed and reformed to foster an entrepreneurial mindset so they benefit the country.”

The method of education in state-run colleges and universities are still stuck in the era of rote learning taught by under-motivated teachers using outdated curricula, regurgitating memorised answers at exam time. The university environment is politicised and there are frequent disruptions with delayed exam results.

One way to change this is twinning with international universities, but for this there has to be a less xenophobic and transparent government machinery that is open to new methods.

“Accreditations, partnerships and exchanges with institutions around the world will open up opportunities for students,” says Aryal. “The government should welcome foreign universities, they will force us to raise the standard of our education.”

Information technology and medicine are among the most lucrative options for Nepali students abroad. Institutions of higher learning in Nepal itself could specialise in inter-disciplinary liberal arts, social studies, agriculture and the environment, public health, hospitality, or heritage studies.

Youth are also leaving because there is no guarantee of jobs even when they get a higher degree here. The informal sector is still the biggest employer, and job options in private companies and civil service are limited.

Ganesh Gurung says the education sector must adapt to the changing labour market such that Nepal produces skilled human resources in the areas with high demand like nursing.

He adds, “The focus must be on our strengths. The economy can be revived by making the best use of Nepal’s natural beauty to generate jobs in the hospitality industry, and turn it into a destination for international retirees.”