Story of Nepali history

Mar 6, 2020News

Since Nepali Times was established almost 20 years ago, we have covered everything from the royal massacre to the impact of the climate crisis on the Himalaya. These are some of the biggest stories from the last two decades.

2000: Constitution tinkering

Twenty years ago too, the UML was pushing for a constitutional amendment. A much younger-looking K P Oli, Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhalanath Khanal were pictured on the front page. Excerpt from page 1 of #18, 24-30 November 2000:

The week after Maoist leader Baburam Bhattarai spelt out his group’s demand to scrap the 1990 Constitution, everyone from the left to the right wants to tinker with the ten-year-old document. Even the main opposition UML couldn’t resist it, and the central committee came up with a number of reasons why ten years of democracy have failed to deliver. The conclusion reached by the UML is: it is not inept politicians, not poor leadership, not bad governance, not even corruption; democracy has failed because we have a bad constitution.

2001: The kings are dead, long live the King

The palace massacre of 1 June 2001 nearly wiped out Nepal’s entire royal family. King Gyanendra, who had just been enthroned, spoke about the need for the country to pull together. The Times quoted him on page 1 of #46, 6-14 June 2001:

“This was an unimaginable tragedy in our country’s history. Nepal has had to live through a series of sorrows. But we must bear with it and we must behave responsibly. We must prevent people from taking undue advantage of this crisis to threaten our sovereignty, democracy and constitutional monarchy.” - King Gyanendra after his crowning at the Naasal Chowk on Monday, 4 June.

2002: Nation in grief

Fifty-six Royal Nepal Army soldiers were killed in a Maoist attack in 2002 in Mangalsen of Accham district, one of the heaviest casualties during the war. This exposed the army’s lack of preparedness and poor intelligence. Excerpt from a field report in #82, 22-28 February 2002:

Just about everyone in remote Achham district was expecting a major Maoist attack the week of the sixth anniversary of the start of the ‘People’s War’. But no one expected it to be such a devastating defeat for the government, and such a rout of the security forces. Mangalsen residents are still in a state of shock witnessing the unspeakable carnage and brutality during a long night of terror.

2003: Spring in the heartland

Japanese journalist Kiyuko Ogura visited Rukumkot for an eye-witness report of how the conflict was affecting ordinary Nepalis caught in the crossfire. Excerpt from #139, 4-10 April 2003: The mid-west is red: rhododendron forests are aflame, the valleys are crimson with simal blossoms and the trails are festooned with red Maoist banners.

The arrival of spring cloaks this blood-soaked land in new flowers of hope with the ceasefire, blurring the evidence of the seven-year insurgency. In western Rukum, fields of dukku, flowering radishes, undulate in the gentle breeze. Peach blossoms confetti the paths of Rukumkot. The evidence of war is only apparent when we reach human habitation.

2004: Bad blood in Beni

British journalist Thomas Bell was one of the first journalists from outside to reach Beni after the battle there that killed at least 200 people. Beni’s citizens shut themselves inside their homes, hiding under beds to the sounds of gunfire and explosions all night and into the next morning. Excerpt from Bell’s reportage #189, 26 March - 1 April 2004:

The police and soldiers guarding the police base fought from 10:30 on the night of Saturday, 20 March, until six the next morning against thousands of Maoists, until their ammunition ran out. Those who survived either fled, or were taken prisoner. Down the road, the soldiers at the army base kept fighting till daylight and most of their casualties took place in the morning.

2005: The week that was

King Gyanendra’s surprise military coup toppled Sher Bahadur Deuba’s government, dissolved Parliament, and brought heavy censorship of media. Pages of the Nepali Times could go to press only after two Royal Nepal Army officers read every word and expunged criticism. The paper appeared the next morning with white holes in the print. Excerpt from #233, 4-10 February 2005:

On 1 February 2005 at 10 AM, King Gyanendra Shah read through a teleprompter for 28 minutes in a special studio inside the Narayanhiti Royal Palace. In the royal proclamation, the former monarch criticised political parties for misusing their parliamentary privilege, lambasted the Maoists for their terrorism, sacked Sher Bahadur Deuba (without naming him) for having been incapable (once again), and announced he was taking over the chairmanship of a new council of ministers for a period of up to three years.

2006: Scrubbed

The astonishing success of the People’s Movement surprised everyone, most of all the agitating parties. Gyanendra restored parliament in April, 2006, and Pushpa Kamal Dahal and Girija Prasad Koirala signed a Comprehensive Peace Accord. Excerpt from a page 1 analysis from #326, 8-14 December 2006:

The 21 November, 2005 peace agreement was a rebirth in many senses: for Nepal, for Pushpa Kamal Dahal, and for Girija Prasad Koirala. Koirala can finally mask his sordid behaviour from 1991 to 2001. He can make the political connection between his present and what he was before 1991. Similarly, Dahal has washed his hands of the blood of thousands of Nepalis whose lives were lost during the ten years of conflict. He can separate himself from those who still think that a society can be violently transformed into utopia.

2007: Still undecided

Two years after the ceasefire, the page 1 story ‘Still Undecided’ summarized results of a Himalmedia public opinion poll. The survey exposed what Nepalis thought about the monarchy and the future of Nepal. Excerpt from #352, 8-14 June 2007:

A public opinion poll conducted in April shows continuation of trends seen in surveys since 2003. Support for monarchy is at an all-time low. The people are more interested in peace, jobs, schools, health than in day-to-day politics. Most Nepalis believe that a Constituent Assembly (CA) will deliver peace and development. On the downside, most do not understand what a CA is all about.

2008: Changing of the guard

2008 proved to be a landmark year for Nepal as the newly elected CA abolished the 240-year monarchy. On 27 May, king Gyanendra held a press conference at Narayanhiti Royal Palace and then exited the palace, making Nepal a republic. Excerpt from #401, 23-29 May 2008:

When the newly elected CA sits for its first meeting at the BICC on 28 May, it will ratify the abolition of the monarchy before it even starts drafting a new constitution. To make things easy, king Gyanendra could vacate the palace on 27 May itself. If he wants to make it difficult, he could try to stick it out and face protests at the gates, which could turn ugly. The election was an overwhelming win for republicanism, with the royalist forces seeing a rout.

2009: Unacceptable crime

In this interview after his party supporters vandalised the Himalmedia office and assaulted staff, Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal criticised the attack, but did not really apologise. Over next decade, press freedom in Nepal was repeatedly threatened. The latest are pending bills in Parliament to muzzle the media. Excerpt from the page 1 interview with Dahal in #432, 2-8 January 2009:

“Actually I have described the attack on Himalmedia as an unacceptable crime and called for the prosecution of the guilty. There are no ‘buts’ and ‘ifs’ and the guilty should not go free. I have asked the two to be handed over to the police. Such attacks and disagreements should not be allowed and it was to resolve this that I took those steps. It’s not our policy to harass the press.”

2010: Jatra

The year was marred by political instability, fragile coalitions, and a failure to move the peace process forward. This page 1 illustration aptly depicts the great political uncertainty of the time. Excerpt from an accompanying article in issue #521, 24-30 September 2010:

A day after the Maoists and the UML signed yet another 3-point deal, they have given contrasting interpretations of the pact. While the Maoists are saying that the move has paved the way for Maoist-UML majority government, the UML says it only agreed to a consensus government. The onus is on the UML to ensure that the Maoists honour their part of the bargain, and if they do, the UML should not hesitate to be part of a coalition with the Maoists. If the Maoists do not agree, the UML should revive the alliance with the NC and seek the Madhes-based parties’ support for their government. The sparring between UML and the Maoists even before the ink had dried shows how fragile these deals are.

2011: Staying afloat

Nepal did not reap a peace dividend after the ceasefire. People continued to migrate for overseas work in ever larger numbers. Many migrants were dying. A page 1 photo showed children paddling on coffins that carried the bodies back. Excerpt from #564, 29 July - 4 August, 2011:

With no government to speak of, the economy is barely surviving on remittances from Nepali workers abroad. On average, one coffin bearing the body of a Nepali worker arrives every day at Pashupati for cremation. Local boys use them as canoes. Meanwhile, floods and mudslides ravage the country, with damage even in arid Upper Mustang this year. Global warming exacerbates the flood danger with glacial lake outbursts threatening a remote village in Humla.

2012: In the name of the father

Despite a landmark 2011 Supreme Court ruling granting mothers equal rights to pass citizenship to their children as fathers, the government refused to budge. Not much has changed over the years, with the debate over the 2018 Citizenship Amendment Bill still raging. Excerpt from #590, 3-9 February 2012:

A man goes to the district office, gets citizenship papers for his children within a few hours, no questions asked. No one even bothers him with the details of his marriage or intruding questions about the whereabouts of the mother. A woman goes to the same office, she doesn’t just have to produce the father’s citizenship but prove that she was, or is, married to the man. She has to put up with all sorts of insulting remarks, questions about her character, and still return empty handed. The fact that she is a Nepali and her children were born in this land does not matter. What matters is that the father of her children has refused to acknowledge them, and so they don’t deserve to be Nepalis.

2013: The end of a sibling war

Juna Rai decided to join the Maoists in 2003. She was in Grade 8. She was nearly killed by an exploding grenade during the battle for Bhojpur in 2004 in which her commander and 20 others were killed. Excerpt of her story as carried in #672, 6-12 September 2013:

Juna Rai’s iconic picture by Sagar Shrestha has gone around the world, and has been used in movie posters and lately even in Kathmandu’s new street murals. Only in 2009 did it become known that Juna’s brother, Bhuwan, was in the Royal Nepal Army. The siblings took part in the battle of Bhojpur and Diktel on opposite sides, and could have ended up killing each other. Nepal’s conflict wasn’t just a civil war, it was a sibling war. After four years in the Udaypur cantonment, Juna was among 1,422 former guerrillas inducted into the Nepal Army last month.

2014: Tresspassing into nature

This investigation from Chitwan exposed how the planned new east-west railroad and Hulaki highway would slice through the Chitwan National park and undermine decades-long conservation efforts. Following this report, the alignment of the railway was changed. Excerpt from the story in #691, 24-30 January 2014:

The proposed route of the East-West Electric Railway and the Tarai Hulaki Highway will cut through Chitwan National Park, threatening tourism and the rescue of the tiger and rhino from the brink of extinction. A leaked detailed project report (DPR) prepared by the Department of Railways and obtained by Nepali Times shows various routes have been proposed, all of which cut through the sanctuary. One of the alignments involves digging two tunnels 14km and 11km long, but has been abandoned because of cost.

2015: Shaking things up

In this editorial from a week after the quake, Nepali Times warned that the M7.9 earthquake was not the big one and that the real mega-quakes were yet to happen. As the nation marks five years of the Gorkha earthquake this April, it looks like we have not heeded the warning. Excerpt from #756, 1-7 May 2015:

Seismologists have done a preliminary analysis of last Saturday’s thrust earthquake. Subsequent ruptures along the fault that set off the aftershocks trail off to the east. This means a lot of the tectonic tension beneath Central Nepal has now been released, possibly postponing a mega-earthquake for now. However, this leaves a 500-year seismic gap west of the epicentre (Pokhara and westwards) where the chances of a major thrust event is even more likely. What all this simply means is that this earthquake was a lesson for us all that we must be prepared for an even bigger one in western Nepal which could happen tomorrow or 50 years from now.

2016: The blockade that benefitted no one except smugglers

Nepal lost over 200,000 jobs, inflation hit double-digits, post-earthquake reconstruction was delayed and the economy was devastated by the Indian blockade. Excerpt from a report in #795, 12-18 February 2016 after the five-month blockade had been lifted:

Now that the blockade has been lifted, it is important to ask who benefitted from this five-month siege of a landlocked nation still recovering from a devastating earthquake? The answer: no one but smugglers.

Nepal’s ruling parties, against whom the blockade was imposed, survived the five months of siege by playing the nationalist card, but did not gain anything out of this crisis, either. Even India, the real enforcer of this blockade, failed to benefit. Instead New Delhi squandered the goodwill it had earned after Prime Minister Modi’s visit last year. The Madhesi Front was the pawn in this Great Game, and is probably the biggest loser.

2017: Into a state of uncertain stability

This story analyses the 2017 elections that brought the same old politicians back into government. Excerpt from issue #887, 8-14 December 2017:

After the last phase of elections to three levels of government under the new Constitution on Thursday, the question on most voters’ minds is not who will win. It is whether the new government structure can ensure political stability. Whoever wins, the new government will be keenly watched to see if it behaves any differently from the political cartel of the past, whether Kathmandu will really devolve power, and if that sets Nepal on a path to development, job creation and prosperity.

2018: Kleptocrats in Kuala Lumpur and Kathmandu

A cross-border investigative piece revealed the collusion between politicians and businessmen in Malaysia and Nepal to loot migrant workers. Expert from a report in #919, 20-26 July 2018:

A deeply-rooted nexus of politicians, businessmen and bureaucrats in Nepal and Malaysia have looted more than Rs5 billion over the past five years from vulnerable Nepali migrant workers desperate to seek work in Malaysia. The scam involved powerful Malaysian businesses with close links to ministers and officials in the Barisan Nasional coalition of former Prime Minister Najib Razak and implemented by their agents in Kathmandu who had contacts with influential politicians and bureaucrats in Nepal.

2019: Terrifying assessment of Himalayan melting

A review of the ICIMOD report that showed the impact of the climate emergency on the Himalaya is worse than predicted. Excerpt from #956, 8-14 February 2019:

Himalayan peaks are warming between 0.3 to 0.7oC faster than the global average, and the loss of Himalayan ice will have devastating consequences for 1.6 billion people living in the mountains and downstream countries. Climate models show that summer flow in the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra and their snow-fed tributaries will actually rise till 2050 as the glaciers melt away, but will start decreasing after that because there will be no more ice left. Glaciers are receding up to 30m/year.

2020: Which way Nepali politics in 2020?

Just two months into the new year, there is instability again as Prime Minister KP Oli and Pushpa Kamal Dahal struggle for supremacy. Excerpt from new year issue #990, 27 December 2019 - 2 January 2020:

The two power centres in Nepal today are not the opposition NC and the ruling NCP, but two Communist alpha males locked in a power struggle. This will continue to impact directly on policy decisions, appointments and ultimately even the country’s leadership in 2020. The prognosis is that Dahal may decide that it is not worth the risk to try to replace Oli, and content himself with being a powerful party supremo.

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